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Psychological effects of introducing a tapering period during intensive rehearsals ... [read the french version]
Wyon, M. Thacker, P.Went, A.
Psychological effects of introducing a tapering period during intensive rehearsals prior to performance in a dance company.
Wyon, M: St Martin’s College, Lancaster, UK
Thacker, P: National Youth Dance Company, UK
Went, A: Middlesex University, UK
Matthew Wyon
St Martins College
Dept PE and Sport Science
Lancaster LA1 3JD
Tel: 01524-261243
Contact: m.wyon@ucsm.ac.uk
Psychological effects of introducing a tapering period during intensive rehearsals prior to performance in a dance company.
Wyon, MA*; Thacker, P** and Went A**.
*SPARC, University of Roehampton Surrey London, UK
**National Youth Dance Company, UK
Contact: m.wyon@ucsm.ac.uk
The concept of introducing a tapering period prior to performing within a dance company hasn’t been examined previously. This study examined whether there were psychological benefits tapering prior to performance. POMS was administered twice weekly to 14 dancers from one company (7 men and 7 women). Basal TMD was 100.71 +13.61 at the beginning of the rehearsal period. At the end of the intense period of training it had risen significantly (P<0.01) to 140.57 +34.44.
Between 35-64% of the company members were exhibiting POMS ratings that suggested over-training (depending on the criteria used). By the end of the tapering period there was a significant improvement in TMD (P<0.01) and the company exhibited the classical iceberg profile for mood states. The use of TMD (50% above basal TMD) as a predictor for over-training was preferred over use of the inverted iceberg profile due to the latter's subjectivity. It was found that POMS was an easy, non-invasive method of monitoring training status in dancers. It is concluded that intense periods of rehearsal can cause over-training and potentially staleness in dancers and a period of tapering prior to performance will alleviate the effects of this training.
Psychological effects of introducing a tapering period during intensive rehearsals prior to performance in a dance company.
Introduction
"Tapering" has been used within the world of sport to help prepare the athlete for competition1, 2. The aim is that during the tapering period the athlete can recover from their intensive training period both mentally and physically and redirect their focus from training to performance3. This is achieved by a reduction in the work volume of the athlete but not the intensity during the training sessions3.
Over-training is a symptom of most athletes training schedules but if not monitored can lead to staleness, under-performance and disturbed mood states 4, 5, 6, 7, 21. A number of methods have been used to monitor the training status of athletes both physiological and psychological. Psychological methods have been shown to be less invasive and due to their faster processing allow quicker manipulation of the training load to prevent staleness and under-performance from occurring6. The Profile of Mood States (POMS)8 is a 65-item questionnaire designed by McNair et al8, though others have been designed since10, 11, 12. It has been used as a method of monitoring over-training and staleness5, 6. Morgan et al5 noted that fatigue increased and vigour decreased in males, whilst in females there wasn’t a significant decrease in vigour but significant increases in anger and depression subscales. An “inverted” Iceberg profile5 or increases in the Total or Global Mood Disturbance6 are considered signs of over-training and if they persist, of staleness.
The relationship between mood state and performance within the sporting environment is well documented9. Psychometrics commonly used in the monitoring of mood states have been based on adjective checklists, such as the Profile of Mood States (POMS)20. The “iceberg” profile is not a prerequisite for successful performance, as not all the subscales will directly influence the outcome of sport17, 18, 19. Tension can be high (still below the 50 percentile) and can be beneficial if correctly directed13. Terry14 noted that 73.8% of successful performances demonstrated iceberg profiles, which means that over 25% of individuals who didn’t display the iceberg profile still performed successfully. Studies suggest that fluctuations from the intra-individual norm were better indicators of performance, than comparisons with nomothetic response sets5, 15, 16
At present, dance companies don’t taper their training/rehearsing prior to performance due to a number of reasons ranging from financial (funding reducing the rehearsal period to a bare minimum) to “traditional” (dancers and choreographers wanting to work on the piece up until the last possible moment). This has been seen to leave the dancer with an inverted iceberg profile and a high TMD22.
The aim of this study was to monitor over-training in a dance company during an intensive rehearsal period and the implementation of a tapering period, prior to performance.
Methods
Fourteen subjects (7 men and 7 women), 17-21 yr of age participated in the study. They were part of the National Youth Dance Company, UK and had been selected through audition.
POMS (bi-polar) was administered twice a week through an intensive rehearsal month with a performance at the end. Twice weekly monitoring of the subjects’ mood state was selected due to access limitations to the dancers, to prevent work overload and subsequent inaccurate completion of the questionnaire.
The week prior to the performance the work volume of the dancers was decreased but the intensity maintained. This was achieved by the pieces being “finished” a week before performance and the dancers only carrying out “run-throughs” during the week prior to performance, thereby incorporating a tapering effect on their schedule. The work time decreased prior to tapering, from class (1.5 hours) and rehearsals (5-6 hours) to class (1.5 hours) and run-throughs (2 hours) during the tapering period.
TMD was calculated by subtracting the vigour score from the sum of the 5 negative measures of affect and adding a constant of 100 2, 13, 27. The basal individual mood score of the POMS was taken as the first test. Both an inverted iceberg profile13 and a TMD 50% above the basal score27 were used as an indication of possible overtraining.
Calculations
Student’s Paired T-Test and ANOVA were used to assess changes in the POMS mood subscales. Significance was set at an alpha level of P<0.05.
Results
The basal TMD was taken on the first day of rehearsals, as this was the first time that the whole company had met. The basal Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) was 100.71 +13.61 (mean + SD) and showed no significant changes during the monitoring period. Individual variations were monitored using the Student T-Test and significant changes (P<0.05) were observed throughout the whole rehearsal and performance period for the company
The company's mean POMS rating and TMD showed no indications of over-training by the inverted-iceberg method suggested by Morgan et al (1987) (figure 2) or the 50% above basal TMD suggested by Berglund and Safstrom (1994) (figure 1).
Figure 2
Individual analysis of both the TMD method (table 1) and the inverted iceberg method showed that the dancers had psychological symptoms of over-training 12.25% +20.09 and 22.43% +18.32 of the time, respectively. At the end of week 3, 64.3% of the dancers exhibited an inverted iceberg and 35.7% had a TMD score above the 150% of basal TMD. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two methods of diagnosing the symptoms of over-training.
At the end of week 3 of rehearsals, just prior to the start of the tapering period, the company mean TMD was 140.57 +34.44 and the mood state profile was very flat (figure 3). On the day of the performance there were significant decrease in company mean TMD (P<0.01) and the mood subscales of depression (P<0.05), fatigue (P<0.05) and confusion (P<0.01) and a significant increase in vigour (P<0.01). At the end of the tapering period the mean TMD was 112.69 +18.17 and the mean mood profile exhibited the iceberg profile (figure 3).
Figure 3
The subscales of tension, depression and anger showed no significant variation during the monitoring period. The subscale of vigour showed a significant decline in the third week (P<0.05); fatigue showed a significant decline in the second week (P<0.05). The subscale of confusion was significantly higher on the first day and last day of the third week (P<0.01).
Discussion
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychological changes in dancers during a period of intense rehearsal, tapering period and subsequent performance. The week prior to performance (week 4), a period of reduced training load or tapering was implemented. This was in the form of a high-intensity, low volume taper with the dancers fine-tuning the performance pieces.
Due to the nature of rehearsals within the dance company, where the dancers were not all training equally as the choreographer worked with different dancers, the use of the company's mean TMD as an indicator of over-training was limited. The use of individual TMD scores and mood profiles was a much more sensitive method of determining the members' training state7. At the end of the third week 70% of the company were experiencing symptoms of over-training, as seen by TMDs 50% above their basal scores and inverted iceberg profiles. The implementation of a tapering period in week 4 showed significant benefits to the dancer's mood states, with a return to a low TMD similar to the basal TMD and an iceberg mood state profile on the day of performance. The findings of this study on the alternations in mood state during rehearsals and tapering are similar to that seen within a sporting context1, 4, 6, 13.
The use of POMS as a monitor of staleness and over-training has been well documented5, 6, 7, 15. In this study the use of TMD and mood state profile as an indicator of training state showed varying degrees of success. There was no significant correlation between the two methods. Part of the problem arises by defining when an "inverted" iceberg exists. Morgan et al5 noted that the state exists when the negative mood subscales are elevated and vigour is depressed. This doesn't answer the question of by how much does the vigour subscale need to be below the other subscales for an inverted iceberg profile to exists. The use of TMD, with a score 50% above basal TMD as an indicator of over-training, seems to be a "safer" way of diagnosing over-training. In this study, the later method predicted less dancers as being over-trained than the inverted iceberg profile method. Over a longer monitoring period the inverted iceberg method would probably become the method to use as the dancer's individual mood nuances can be patterned. This has been noted in other studies where the fluctuations from the individual's norm were better indicators of the person's training state 5, 15, 16. Due to the short monitoring period and the lack of daily monitoring, this study is unable to say whether any of the dancers suffered from overtraining.
The use of a psychometric test to monitor training state is open to abuse, especially by response distortion (lying about how they feel). The dancers in this study were asked to be honest to themselves and that the results would be available only to themselves. External factors apart from training can also play a role influencing and thereby corrupting the ratings. In this study, this was overcome by excluding ratings from two individuals on two occasions when external factors would have had a greater influence on the ratings than the training load.
The results of this study show the psychological benefits of implementing a tapering period prior to performance for a dance company. A longer period of monitoring would have allowed for a more individual in-depth analysis of fluctuations. This would have increased the sensitivity of monitoring the training status of the individual, allowing greater intervention capabilities.
References
1. Wittig AF; Houmard JA and Costill DL (1989) Psychological effects during reduced training in distance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine Vol 10 pp97-100
2. Houmard, JA (1991) Impact of reduced training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Medicine Vol 12 pp380-393
3. Shepley B, MacDougall D, Capriano N, Sutton J Coates G (1990) Physiological effects of tapering in highly trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 2(Suppl.) S134
4. Guttman, MC Pollock ML, Foster C and Schmidt D (1984) Training stress in Olympic speed skaters: a psychological perspective. Physician and Sportsmedicine Vol 12 pp 45-57.
5. Morgan WP, Brown DR, Raglin JS, O’Connor PJ and Ellickson KA (1987) Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol 21 pp 107-114
6. Berglund, B and Safstrom, H (1994) Psychological monitoring and modulation of training load of world-class canoeists. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise Vol 26(8) pp 1036-1040
7. Raglin, JS; Morgan WP and O’Connor PJ (1991) Changes in mood states during training in female and male college swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine Vol 12 pp585-589
8. McNair DM, Lorr M and Droppleman L (1971) Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego CA Educational and Industrial Testing Service
9. LeUnes A, Hayward SA and Daiss S (1988) Annotated Bibliography on the Profile of Mood States in Sport, 1975-1988. Journal of Sport Behaviour Vol 11(3) pp 213-239
10. Lorr M and McNair DM (1988) Manual for the Profile of Mood States - Bipolar form. San Diego CA Educational and Industrial Testing Service
11. Schacham S (1983) A shortened version of the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Personality Assessment Vol 47 pp 305-306
12. Grove JR and Prapavessis H (1992) Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated Profile of Mood States. International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 23 pp 93-109
13. Cockerill IM, Nevill AM, and Lyons N (1991) Modelling mood states in athletic performance. Journal of Sports Sciences Vol 9 pp 205-212
14. Terry PC. Mood state profiles as indicators of performance among Olympic and World Championship athletes. In S. Serpa, J. Alves, V. Ferreria, and A. Paulo-Brito (Eds) Proceedings of the VIIIth ISSP World congress of Sport Psychology. Lisbon, Portugal: International Society of Sport Psychology. 1993, pp 963-967
15. Mahoney C and Kremer J. Mood state variation during anaerobic training of an elite swimmer. In S. Serpa, J. Alves, V. Ferreria, and A. Paulo-Brito (Eds) Proceedings of the VIIIth ISSP World congress of Sport Psychology. Lisbon, Portugal: International Society of Sport Psychology. 1993, pp 256-259
16. Terry PC (1992) Mental training and the psychological support for the British Bobsleigh team, 1989-1994. Paper presented at the Olympic Scientific Congress, Malaga Spain
17. Daus A, Wilson J and Freeman W (1986) Psychological testing as an auxiliary means of selecting successful college and professional football players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness Vol 26 pp 274-278
18. Friend J and LeUnes A (1990) Predicting basketball player performance. Journal of Sport Behaviour Vol 13 (2) pp 73-85
19. Craighead DJ, Privette G, Villianos F, and Byrkit D (1986) Personality characteristics of basketball players, starters, and non-starters. International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 17 pp110-119
20. Morgan WP (1980) Test of Champions. Psychology Today (July) pp 92-99
21. Kereszty A (1971) Overtraining In L.Larson (Ed.) Encyclopaedia of Sport Sciences and Medicine (pp218-222) Macmillan NY
22. Wyon, M, Mahoney, C and Wyon, C (1998) Mood state variation on rehearsal and performance days within a dance company: a case study. Unpublished manuscript
Figure 1: TMD scores over the monitoring period with basal score and over-training score
Figure 2: Mood state profiles for the monitoring period
Figure 3: POMS profile and TMD score before and after the tapering period
This is an abstract from the Helsinki Symposium (June 3-4 2001). All rights reserved by the authors.
Wyon, M: St Martin’s College, Lancaster, UK
Thacker, P: National Youth Dance Company, UK
Went, A: Middlesex University, UK
Matthew Wyon
St Martins College
Dept PE and Sport Science
Lancaster LA1 3JD
Tel: 01524-261243
Contact: m.wyon@ucsm.ac.uk
Psychological effects of introducing a tapering period during intensive rehearsals prior to performance in a dance company.
Wyon, MA*; Thacker, P** and Went A**.
*SPARC, University of Roehampton Surrey London, UK
**National Youth Dance Company, UK
Contact: m.wyon@ucsm.ac.uk
The concept of introducing a tapering period prior to performing within a dance company hasn’t been examined previously. This study examined whether there were psychological benefits tapering prior to performance. POMS was administered twice weekly to 14 dancers from one company (7 men and 7 women). Basal TMD was 100.71 +13.61 at the beginning of the rehearsal period. At the end of the intense period of training it had risen significantly (P<0.01) to 140.57 +34.44.
Between 35-64% of the company members were exhibiting POMS ratings that suggested over-training (depending on the criteria used). By the end of the tapering period there was a significant improvement in TMD (P<0.01) and the company exhibited the classical iceberg profile for mood states. The use of TMD (50% above basal TMD) as a predictor for over-training was preferred over use of the inverted iceberg profile due to the latter's subjectivity. It was found that POMS was an easy, non-invasive method of monitoring training status in dancers. It is concluded that intense periods of rehearsal can cause over-training and potentially staleness in dancers and a period of tapering prior to performance will alleviate the effects of this training.
Psychological effects of introducing a tapering period during intensive rehearsals prior to performance in a dance company.
Introduction
"Tapering" has been used within the world of sport to help prepare the athlete for competition1, 2. The aim is that during the tapering period the athlete can recover from their intensive training period both mentally and physically and redirect their focus from training to performance3. This is achieved by a reduction in the work volume of the athlete but not the intensity during the training sessions3.
Over-training is a symptom of most athletes training schedules but if not monitored can lead to staleness, under-performance and disturbed mood states 4, 5, 6, 7, 21. A number of methods have been used to monitor the training status of athletes both physiological and psychological. Psychological methods have been shown to be less invasive and due to their faster processing allow quicker manipulation of the training load to prevent staleness and under-performance from occurring6. The Profile of Mood States (POMS)8 is a 65-item questionnaire designed by McNair et al8, though others have been designed since10, 11, 12. It has been used as a method of monitoring over-training and staleness5, 6. Morgan et al5 noted that fatigue increased and vigour decreased in males, whilst in females there wasn’t a significant decrease in vigour but significant increases in anger and depression subscales. An “inverted” Iceberg profile5 or increases in the Total or Global Mood Disturbance6 are considered signs of over-training and if they persist, of staleness.
The relationship between mood state and performance within the sporting environment is well documented9. Psychometrics commonly used in the monitoring of mood states have been based on adjective checklists, such as the Profile of Mood States (POMS)20. The “iceberg” profile is not a prerequisite for successful performance, as not all the subscales will directly influence the outcome of sport17, 18, 19. Tension can be high (still below the 50 percentile) and can be beneficial if correctly directed13. Terry14 noted that 73.8% of successful performances demonstrated iceberg profiles, which means that over 25% of individuals who didn’t display the iceberg profile still performed successfully. Studies suggest that fluctuations from the intra-individual norm were better indicators of performance, than comparisons with nomothetic response sets5, 15, 16
At present, dance companies don’t taper their training/rehearsing prior to performance due to a number of reasons ranging from financial (funding reducing the rehearsal period to a bare minimum) to “traditional” (dancers and choreographers wanting to work on the piece up until the last possible moment). This has been seen to leave the dancer with an inverted iceberg profile and a high TMD22.
The aim of this study was to monitor over-training in a dance company during an intensive rehearsal period and the implementation of a tapering period, prior to performance.
Methods
Fourteen subjects (7 men and 7 women), 17-21 yr of age participated in the study. They were part of the National Youth Dance Company, UK and had been selected through audition.
POMS (bi-polar) was administered twice a week through an intensive rehearsal month with a performance at the end. Twice weekly monitoring of the subjects’ mood state was selected due to access limitations to the dancers, to prevent work overload and subsequent inaccurate completion of the questionnaire.
The week prior to the performance the work volume of the dancers was decreased but the intensity maintained. This was achieved by the pieces being “finished” a week before performance and the dancers only carrying out “run-throughs” during the week prior to performance, thereby incorporating a tapering effect on their schedule. The work time decreased prior to tapering, from class (1.5 hours) and rehearsals (5-6 hours) to class (1.5 hours) and run-throughs (2 hours) during the tapering period.
TMD was calculated by subtracting the vigour score from the sum of the 5 negative measures of affect and adding a constant of 100 2, 13, 27. The basal individual mood score of the POMS was taken as the first test. Both an inverted iceberg profile13 and a TMD 50% above the basal score27 were used as an indication of possible overtraining.
Calculations
Student’s Paired T-Test and ANOVA were used to assess changes in the POMS mood subscales. Significance was set at an alpha level of P<0.05.
Results
The basal TMD was taken on the first day of rehearsals, as this was the first time that the whole company had met. The basal Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) was 100.71 +13.61 (mean + SD) and showed no significant changes during the monitoring period. Individual variations were monitored using the Student T-Test and significant changes (P<0.05) were observed throughout the whole rehearsal and performance period for the company
The company's mean POMS rating and TMD showed no indications of over-training by the inverted-iceberg method suggested by Morgan et al (1987) (figure 2) or the 50% above basal TMD suggested by Berglund and Safstrom (1994) (figure 1).
Figure 2
Individual analysis of both the TMD method (table 1) and the inverted iceberg method showed that the dancers had psychological symptoms of over-training 12.25% +20.09 and 22.43% +18.32 of the time, respectively. At the end of week 3, 64.3% of the dancers exhibited an inverted iceberg and 35.7% had a TMD score above the 150% of basal TMD. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two methods of diagnosing the symptoms of over-training.
At the end of week 3 of rehearsals, just prior to the start of the tapering period, the company mean TMD was 140.57 +34.44 and the mood state profile was very flat (figure 3). On the day of the performance there were significant decrease in company mean TMD (P<0.01) and the mood subscales of depression (P<0.05), fatigue (P<0.05) and confusion (P<0.01) and a significant increase in vigour (P<0.01). At the end of the tapering period the mean TMD was 112.69 +18.17 and the mean mood profile exhibited the iceberg profile (figure 3).
Figure 3
The subscales of tension, depression and anger showed no significant variation during the monitoring period. The subscale of vigour showed a significant decline in the third week (P<0.05); fatigue showed a significant decline in the second week (P<0.05). The subscale of confusion was significantly higher on the first day and last day of the third week (P<0.01).
Discussion
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychological changes in dancers during a period of intense rehearsal, tapering period and subsequent performance. The week prior to performance (week 4), a period of reduced training load or tapering was implemented. This was in the form of a high-intensity, low volume taper with the dancers fine-tuning the performance pieces.
Due to the nature of rehearsals within the dance company, where the dancers were not all training equally as the choreographer worked with different dancers, the use of the company's mean TMD as an indicator of over-training was limited. The use of individual TMD scores and mood profiles was a much more sensitive method of determining the members' training state7. At the end of the third week 70% of the company were experiencing symptoms of over-training, as seen by TMDs 50% above their basal scores and inverted iceberg profiles. The implementation of a tapering period in week 4 showed significant benefits to the dancer's mood states, with a return to a low TMD similar to the basal TMD and an iceberg mood state profile on the day of performance. The findings of this study on the alternations in mood state during rehearsals and tapering are similar to that seen within a sporting context1, 4, 6, 13.
The use of POMS as a monitor of staleness and over-training has been well documented5, 6, 7, 15. In this study the use of TMD and mood state profile as an indicator of training state showed varying degrees of success. There was no significant correlation between the two methods. Part of the problem arises by defining when an "inverted" iceberg exists. Morgan et al5 noted that the state exists when the negative mood subscales are elevated and vigour is depressed. This doesn't answer the question of by how much does the vigour subscale need to be below the other subscales for an inverted iceberg profile to exists. The use of TMD, with a score 50% above basal TMD as an indicator of over-training, seems to be a "safer" way of diagnosing over-training. In this study, the later method predicted less dancers as being over-trained than the inverted iceberg profile method. Over a longer monitoring period the inverted iceberg method would probably become the method to use as the dancer's individual mood nuances can be patterned. This has been noted in other studies where the fluctuations from the individual's norm were better indicators of the person's training state 5, 15, 16. Due to the short monitoring period and the lack of daily monitoring, this study is unable to say whether any of the dancers suffered from overtraining.
The use of a psychometric test to monitor training state is open to abuse, especially by response distortion (lying about how they feel). The dancers in this study were asked to be honest to themselves and that the results would be available only to themselves. External factors apart from training can also play a role influencing and thereby corrupting the ratings. In this study, this was overcome by excluding ratings from two individuals on two occasions when external factors would have had a greater influence on the ratings than the training load.
The results of this study show the psychological benefits of implementing a tapering period prior to performance for a dance company. A longer period of monitoring would have allowed for a more individual in-depth analysis of fluctuations. This would have increased the sensitivity of monitoring the training status of the individual, allowing greater intervention capabilities.
References
1. Wittig AF; Houmard JA and Costill DL (1989) Psychological effects during reduced training in distance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine Vol 10 pp97-100
2. Houmard, JA (1991) Impact of reduced training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Medicine Vol 12 pp380-393
3. Shepley B, MacDougall D, Capriano N, Sutton J Coates G (1990) Physiological effects of tapering in highly trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise 2(Suppl.) S134
4. Guttman, MC Pollock ML, Foster C and Schmidt D (1984) Training stress in Olympic speed skaters: a psychological perspective. Physician and Sportsmedicine Vol 12 pp 45-57.
5. Morgan WP, Brown DR, Raglin JS, O’Connor PJ and Ellickson KA (1987) Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol 21 pp 107-114
6. Berglund, B and Safstrom, H (1994) Psychological monitoring and modulation of training load of world-class canoeists. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise Vol 26(8) pp 1036-1040
7. Raglin, JS; Morgan WP and O’Connor PJ (1991) Changes in mood states during training in female and male college swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine Vol 12 pp585-589
8. McNair DM, Lorr M and Droppleman L (1971) Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego CA Educational and Industrial Testing Service
9. LeUnes A, Hayward SA and Daiss S (1988) Annotated Bibliography on the Profile of Mood States in Sport, 1975-1988. Journal of Sport Behaviour Vol 11(3) pp 213-239
10. Lorr M and McNair DM (1988) Manual for the Profile of Mood States - Bipolar form. San Diego CA Educational and Industrial Testing Service
11. Schacham S (1983) A shortened version of the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Personality Assessment Vol 47 pp 305-306
12. Grove JR and Prapavessis H (1992) Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated Profile of Mood States. International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 23 pp 93-109
13. Cockerill IM, Nevill AM, and Lyons N (1991) Modelling mood states in athletic performance. Journal of Sports Sciences Vol 9 pp 205-212
14. Terry PC. Mood state profiles as indicators of performance among Olympic and World Championship athletes. In S. Serpa, J. Alves, V. Ferreria, and A. Paulo-Brito (Eds) Proceedings of the VIIIth ISSP World congress of Sport Psychology. Lisbon, Portugal: International Society of Sport Psychology. 1993, pp 963-967
15. Mahoney C and Kremer J. Mood state variation during anaerobic training of an elite swimmer. In S. Serpa, J. Alves, V. Ferreria, and A. Paulo-Brito (Eds) Proceedings of the VIIIth ISSP World congress of Sport Psychology. Lisbon, Portugal: International Society of Sport Psychology. 1993, pp 256-259
16. Terry PC (1992) Mental training and the psychological support for the British Bobsleigh team, 1989-1994. Paper presented at the Olympic Scientific Congress, Malaga Spain
17. Daus A, Wilson J and Freeman W (1986) Psychological testing as an auxiliary means of selecting successful college and professional football players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness Vol 26 pp 274-278
18. Friend J and LeUnes A (1990) Predicting basketball player performance. Journal of Sport Behaviour Vol 13 (2) pp 73-85
19. Craighead DJ, Privette G, Villianos F, and Byrkit D (1986) Personality characteristics of basketball players, starters, and non-starters. International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol 17 pp110-119
20. Morgan WP (1980) Test of Champions. Psychology Today (July) pp 92-99
21. Kereszty A (1971) Overtraining In L.Larson (Ed.) Encyclopaedia of Sport Sciences and Medicine (pp218-222) Macmillan NY
22. Wyon, M, Mahoney, C and Wyon, C (1998) Mood state variation on rehearsal and performance days within a dance company: a case study. Unpublished manuscript
Figure 1: TMD scores over the monitoring period with basal score and over-training score
Figure 2: Mood state profiles for the monitoring period
Figure 3: POMS profile and TMD score before and after the tapering period
This is an abstract from the Helsinki Symposium (June 3-4 2001). All rights reserved by the authors.
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